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The post-war displacement of Keynesianism was a series of events which from mostly unobserved beginnings in the late 1940s, had by the early 1980s led to the replacement of Keynesian economics as the leading theoretical influence on economic life in the developed world. Similarly, the allied discipline known as Development economics was largely displaced as the guiding influence on economic policies adopted by developing nations. The displacement of Keynesian thinking was driven by those who leaned towards purer free market policies, rather than the mixed economy which require a significant role for government intervention. Their motivations included a dislike of large governments which they saw as prone to interfere excessively in the lives of their citizens; an intellectual preference for Classical or Neoclassical economics and related schools; or in some cases a belief that their individual interests were best served by promoting a limited role for government. Efforts against Keynesianism took place on three fronts – in the academic world, in politics, and in the wider world of business and public opinion. ==Background== Starting in 1936 with the publication of his ''General Theory'', the Keynesian revolution in economic thinking had by the end of the 1940s elevated John Maynard Keynes's ideas to an ascendant position in main stream economics. The new post-WWII international monetary and trading system, reflected by Embedded liberalism, was partly a creation of Lord Keynes, and not just theoretically. Keynes had personally negotiated many of the practical details at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. During the Golden Age of Capitalism of the 1950s and 1960s, governments of the United States, Great Britain and many other countries adopted Keynesian principles; moderate intervention by governments in their domestic economies was believed by Keynesians to deliver higher levels of employment and prosperity than would be possible from the unaided free market.〔 〕 In the academic sphere, Keynes position as the principal authority was largely confined to the Anglo Saxon world - elsewhere Keynes was influential but not as central. This is partly as ''neo classical economics'',〔Keynes more commonly used the term classical economics in his attacks, but is widely accepted (e.g., Hayes ,2008, Eward Elgar publishing, ''The Economics of Keynes'' ISBN 978-1-84844-056-2 p 2) that he generally meant what we would now call neo classical economics〕 the system of thought which Keynes launched his revolution against, had never been as established beyond the English speaking nations in the first place - instead there was often a tradition of using mixed economy models such as the French dirigiste system.〔 While a critic of Keynes, the economic journalist Henry Hazlitt was to write in 1959:〔 〕 Similarly, the economic policies adopted in the developing world were largely based on ''Development economics'' – although that branch of economics is usually regarded as distinct from Keynesianism,〔For very undeveloped countries it has been argued (e.g. by Subrata Ghutah, 2003, Routledge ''Introduction to development economics'' p39 - 43) that the economy behaves closer to the classical model than to Keynes's - as output tends to be very inelastic there is no multiplier effect from stimulus , and due to said elasticity along with money dualism (many much preferring land or commodies like gold to the legal tender, especially when they wish to save) increases in the money supply tend to translate to price rises in the classical fashion as predicted by the Quantity theory of money.〕 it is also a mixed economy model with many of its principles based on Keynes's work. In the early years after WWII the US was highly supportive of development economics as they believed it would help accelerate the roll back of imperialism, inhibit the spread of communism and swiftly help under developed nations to become prosperous capitalist economies; so they heavily funded its promotion by United Nations programs.〔 The only significant parts of the world that had rejected Keynesian principles was the communist nations which used the command economy model. In the 1960s forces emerged that by the mid 80s would end the ascendency of Keynes's ideas. For Keynes's biographer Lord Skidelsky these can be divided into practical and intellectual dimensions; they are inter-related but in a complex and indirect way.〔 〕 The failure of what were at the time perceived to be Keynesian economics to halt the stagflation of the 1970s lent credibility both to academic and popular attacks on Keynes' ideas. Some even argued that the poor economic performance was due to Keynesian economics. The latter view has been roundly rejected by post keynesians, who suggest the inflation following the Vietnam war was due to the decision not to pay for the war with tax rises, against Keynesian advice.〔〔Though while war efforts were being escalated, the extent of war spending was hidden from President Johnson's Keynesian Economic Council, see ''The return to Keynes'' (2010) , p29〕〔 Economic historians have labelled the period from about 1951 - 1973 as the ''Age of Keynes'' or more commonly the Golden Age of Capitalism due to its relatively high average global growth, low unemployment, reduction of inequality, lowering of public debt and very low incidence of financial crises - based on these criterea, Anatole Kaletsky judged the Keynesian age to be the most successful era of capitalism so far.〔 〕 After the transition period of the 1970s, the period that spanned from about 1980 - 2009 has been labelled the Washington consensus era.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Post-war displacement of Keynesianism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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